River Defense and Fleet Building: The Song Navy in the Wars against the Jin and Mongol Forces

Abstract The Song dynasty established a standing naval force, which was ignored by some historians since lost its defensive wars to the Jin and Mongol forces. This article examines improvements innovations of Chinese operations during pays particular attention how state economic reforms state-centered financial system supported development. Song’s population growth demographic changes also provided manpower for government maintain huge army while establishing large navy. As new age siege warfare emerged, gunpowder weapons technology became more widespread. military adapted Southern because it economically technologically possible. south’s mastery riverine created substantial advantage against north. Thus, when Mongols later mastered warfare, they penetrated throughout south.